Friday, August 21, 2020
Search Rankings Go Down As Well As Up [ANALYSIS]
Search Rankings Go Down As Well As Up [ANALYSIS] Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Search Rankings Go Down As Well As Up [ANALYSIS]Updated On 23/04/2017Author : Jess SpateTopic : SEOShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozqpcX CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogMost people trying to make money online rely at least partly on ranking well in relevant search terms. The site that has the top spot usually gets about 40% of the traffic relating to that specific search term, and if youre not on page one or at least page two, you probably wont get much traffic from it. Ideally other visitors should arrive through social media, paid advertising (optional!), links from other sites, and even directly when theyve learned about your brand offline, but organic search is still the biggest source of income for many bloggers and online shops.SEO is the process that will help a site rank well for relevant, valuable search terms. There are thousands of details to consider but the b asic idea is that if you build a great site, fill it with relevant, interesting, and useful content, and build links with other quality websites, your authority will go up, youll rise through the ranks towards the top of the first page on Google, Bing, and the other search engines, get more visitors and make more money.So far, so good. But it doesnt always work that way. SEO experts and pro bloggers usually keep a close eye on their rankings, and sometimes what they find isnt a reward for all that hard work. Rankings can go down as well as up.Google Dance your CompetitorsThere are many reasons a website could lose ground in Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs). In most cases, its a temporary blip and nothing to worry about. Google makes about 400 algorithmic changes a year, some small and some colossal. The resulting pattern of shifting rankings is called the Google dance, and its nothing to lose sleep over. Unless a site completely dominates a particular search term, a little bit o f up and down is quite normal. If you lose a position or two on your favorite search keyword, dont worry about it. Keep working and youll probably go back up soon enough.Your competitors may be looking at SEO too. Even if they arent, theyll be adding new content, building the occasional new link, and making changes to their websites. All those things can shift their ranking up and push yours down. If someone else is suddenly doing very well and pushing your pages off the top spots, take a good look at them. What changes have they made recently? They might be using a strategy you could adopt too.READ3 Easy Efficient Ways To Increase Website TrafficMost blogs and commercial websites will go through their whole lifespan without a serious and sudden drop in search rankings, but they do sometimes happen. The most recent major shakeup saw thousands of affiliate marketers suffer huge losses- one of my sites was among the losers.Googles Farmer/Panda UpdateGoogles Farmer/Panda update comple tely changed the playing field for plenty of legitimate websites as well as the content farms it was meant to target. A lot of people lost rankings, traffic, and income, and the true impact of this algorithm change hasnt really been explored yet.However, Farmer/Panda only affected a relatively small number of sites operating in a fairly specific way. Usually, if a site experiences a sudden and severe drop its a private problem, not a global policy change. The first thing to do if your rankings crash is to find out. Ask friends and colleagues with similar sites what theyre seeing, keeping in mind that algorithm changes roll out gradually, so sites in the US and the UK may not see them at the same time. Check out the SEO forums for news of major updates and see if the official Google Blog has anything to say. It usually doesnt take long for bloggers both at Google and elsewhere to respond to an algorithm shift.If it looks like youre on your own, its time to think back over recent acti on. Have you been involved in less-than-ethical SEO or bought a bunch of links? If so, you could be finding yourself in JC Penneys position, being punished for black hat activities. In this case, the best thing to do is own up, get rid of the links or shady on-site tricks, and keep to legitimate SEO in the future. If you think youre innocent and cant find evidence for an algorithm change, contact Google and say so.In most cases, drops in rankings are small and perfectly natural- nothing but bumps on the road. Even if theyre not so small, dont panic. There is always plenty you can do to lift your site back up and start gaining ground again.This article is written by Jess Spate. She is an SEO professional, a mathematician, and an online entrepreneur. Among others, she represents Marriott timeshare points resale consultants and companies that buy Wyndham timeshare units. If you wish to write for us, kindly check this.
Monday, May 25, 2020
Clovis, Black Mats, and Extra-Terrestrials
Black mat is the common name for an organic-rich layer of soil also called sapropelic silt, peaty muds, and paleo-aquolls. Its content is variable, and its appearance is variable, and it is at the heart of a controversial theory known as the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH). The YDIH argues that black mats, or at least some of them, represent the remains of a cometary impact thought by its proponents to have kicked off the Younger Dryas. What is the Younger Dryas? The Younger Dryas (abbreviated YD), or Younger Dryas Chronozone (YDC), is the name of a brief geological period which occurred roughly between 13,000 and 11,700 calendar years ago (cal BP). It was the last episode of a series of fast-developing climatic changes that occurred at the end of the last Ice Age. The YD came after the Last Glacial Maximum (30,000ââ¬â14,000 cal BP), which is what scientists call the last time glacial ice covered much of the Northern Hemisphere as well as higher elevations in the south. Immediately after the LGM, there was a warming trend, known as the Bà ¸lling-Ãâ¦llerà ¸d period, during which time the glacial ice retreated. That warming period lasted about 1,000 years, and today we know that it marks the start of the Holocene, the geological period which we are still experiencing today. During the warmth of the Bà ¸lling-Ãâ¦llerà ¸d, all kinds of human exploration and innovation developed, from the domestications of plants and animals to the colonization of the American continents. The Younger Dryas was an abrupt, 1,300-year return to the tundra-like cold, and it must have been a nasty shock to the Clovis hunter-gatherers in North America as well as Europes Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Cultural Impact of the YD Along with a substantial drop in temperature, the sharp challenges of the YD include the Pleistocene megafauna extinctions. The large-bodied animals that disappeared between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago include mastodons, horses, camels, sloths, dire wolves, tapir, and short-faced bear. The North American colonists at the time called Clovis were primarilyââ¬âbut not exclusivelyââ¬âdependent on hunting that game, and the loss of the megafauna led them to reorganize their lifeways into a broader Archaic hunting-and-gathering lifestyle. In Eurasia, the descendants ofà hunters and gatherers began domesticating plants and animalsââ¬âbut thats another story. YD Climate Shift in North America The following is a summary of the cultural changes that are documented in North America around the time of the Younger Dryas, from most recent to oldest. It is based on a summary compiled by an early proponent of the YDIH, C. Vance Haynes, and it is a reflection of current understanding of the cultural changes. Haynes was never fully convinced that the YDIH was a reality, but he was intrigued by the possibility. Archaic. 9,000ââ¬â10,000 RCYBP. Drought conditions prevailed, during which Archaic mosaic hunter-gatherer lifestyles predominate.Post-Clovis. (black mat layer) 10,000ââ¬â10,900 RCYBP (or 12,900 calibrated years BP). Wet conditions are in evidence at the sites of springs and lakes. No megafauna except for bison. Post-Clovis cultures include Folsom, Plainview, Agate Basin hunter-gatherers.Clovis stratum. 10,850ââ¬â11,200 RCYBP. Drought conditions prevalent. Clovis sites found with now-extinct mammoth, mastodon, horses, camels, and other megafauna at springs and lake margins.Pre-Clovis stratum. 11,200ââ¬â13,000 RCYBP. By 13,000 years ago, water tables had fallen to their lowest levels since the Last Glacial Maximum. Pre-Clovis is rare, stable uplands, eroded valley sides. The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis The YDIH suggests that the climatic devastations of the Younger Dryas were the result of a major cosmic episode of multiple airbursts/impacts about 12,800 /-300 cal bp. There is no impact crater known for such an event, but proponents argued that it could have occurred over the North American ice shield. That cometary impact would have created wildfires and that and the climate impact are proposed to have produced the black mat, triggered the YD, contributed to the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions and initiated human population reorganization across the Northern Hemisphere. The YDIH adherents have argued that black mats hold the key evidence for their cometary impact theory. What is a Black Mat? Black mats are organic-rich sediments and soils that form in wet environments associated with spring discharge. They are found throughout the world in these conditions, and they are abundant in Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene stratigraphic sequences throughout central and western North America. They form in a wide variety of soils and sediment types, including organic-rich grassland soils, wet-meadow soils, pond sediments, algal mats, diatomites, and marls. Black mats also contain a variable assemblage of magnetic and glassy spherules, high-temperature minerals and melt glass, nano-diamonds, carbon spherules, aciniform carbon, platinum, and osmium. The presence of this last set is what the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis adherents have used to back up their Black Mat theory. Conflicting Evidence The problem is: there is no evidence for a continent-wide wildfire and devastation event. There definitely is a dramatic increase in the number and frequency of black mats throughout the Younger Dryas, but thats not the only time in our geological history when black mats have occurred. Megafaunal extinctions were abrupt, but not that abruptââ¬âthe extinction period lasted several thousands of years. And it turns out the black mats are variable in content: some have charcoal, some have none. By and large, they seem to be naturally-formed wetland deposits, found full of the organic remains of rotted, not burned, plants. Microspherules, nano-diamonds, and fullerenes are all part of the cosmic dust that falls to earth every day. Finally, what we now know is that the Younger Dryas cold event is not unique. In fact, there were as many as 24 abrupt switches in climate, called Dansgaard-Oeschger cold spells. Those happened during the end of the Pleistocene as the glacial ice melted back, thought to be the results of changes in the Atlantic Oceans current as it, in turn, adapted to changes in the volume of ice present and water temperature. Summary The black mats are not likely evidence of a cometary impact, and the YD was one of several colder and warmer periods during the end of the last Ice Age that resulted from shifting conditions. What seemed at first like a brilliant and succinct explanation for a devastating climate change turned out on further investigation to be not nearly as succinct as we thought. Thats a lesson scientists learn all the timeââ¬âthat science doesnt come as neat and tidy as we can think it to be. The unfortunate thing is that neat and tidy explanations are so satisfying that we allââ¬âscientists and the public alikeââ¬âfall for them every time. Science is a slow process, but even though some theories dont pan out, we still must pay attention when a preponderance of evidence points us in the same direction. Sources Ardelean, Ciprian F., et al. The Younger Dryas Black Mat from Ojo De Agua, a Geoarchaeological Site in Northeastern Zacatecas, Mexico. Quaternary International 463.Part A (2018): 140ââ¬â52. Print.Bereiter, Bernhard, et al. Mean Global Ocean Temperatures During the Last Glacial Transition. Nature 553 (2018): 39. Print.Broecker, Wallace S., et al. Putting the Younger Dryas Cold Event into Context. Quaternary Science Reviews 29.9 (2010): 1078ââ¬â81. Print.Firestone, R. B., et al. Evidence for an Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 Years Ago That Contributed to the Megafaunal Extinctions and the Younger Dryas Cooling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.41 (2007): 16016ââ¬â21. Print.Harris-Parks, Erin. The Micromorphology of Younger Dryas-Aged Black Mats from Nevada, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Quaternary Research 85.1 (2016): 94ââ¬â106. Print.Haynes Jr., C. Vance. Younger Dryas Black Mats and the Rancholabrean Termination in North America. Proceedings of th e National Academy of Sciences 105.18 (2008): 6520ââ¬â25. Print.Holliday, Vance, Todd Surovell, and Eileen Johnson. A Blind Test of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis. PLOS ONE 11.7 (2016): e0155470. Print.Kennett, D. J., et al. Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary Sediment Layer. Science 323 (2009): 94. Print.Kennett, James P., et al. Bayesian Chronological Analyses Consistent with Synchronous Age of 12,835ââ¬â12,735 Cal B.P. For Younger Dryas Boundary on Four Continents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112.32 (2015): E4344ââ¬âE53. Print.Mahaney, W. C., et al. Evidence from the Northwestern Venezuelan Andes for Extraterrestrial Impact: The Black Mat Enigma. Geomorphology 116.1 (2010): 48ââ¬â57. Print.Meltzer, David J., et al. Chronological Evidence Fails to Support Claim of an Isochronous Widespread Layer of Cosmic Impact Indicators Dated to 12,800 Years Ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.21 (2014): E2162ââ¬â71. Print .Pinter, Nicholas, et al. The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis: A Requiem. Earth-Science Reviews 106.3 (2011): 247ââ¬â64. Print.van Hoesel, Annelies, et al. The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Quaternary Science Reviews 83.Supplement C (2014): 95ââ¬â114. Print.
Thursday, May 14, 2020
Why the United States got Involved in World War II Essay
us got involved in wwII because World War II was a war unlike any other war that has occurred in the history of the war. In studying this war, there are some significant events that contributed to the start of World War II, that led to the USs entrance into W.W.II, and events that helped bring an end to W.W.II. The failure of the Geneva Peace conference, Hitlers annexation of Austria, the Spanish Civil War, Hitlers acquisition of Czechoslovakia, the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, Germanys invasion of Poland, and the fall of France all contributed greatly to the start of World War II. Some events that contributed to the entrance of the US into the war were Italys invasion on Ethiopia, Japans invasion of China, the Attack onâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The Spanish fascists, joined the monarchists and the clericals under General Francisco Franco to overthrow the democratic government of Spain. In reality, the neutral intentions of the US only helped the fascists- and the unrest in Spain contributed to the general unrest in Europe. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact contributed to the build up of tension leading to World War II, because it gave Germany the security of an alliance with Russia. While Russia did not say that it would fight with Germany against its enemies, the Soviets did promise NOT to fight AGAINST Germany. It gave Hitler the security of knowing that he could face the French and British on the western front without having to worry about the Soviet armies on the eastern front. This confidence may have helped Hitler and the Nazis when Hitler made decisions for advancement of his goals and enlargement of his territory. The invasion of Poland was a leading event leading up to the outbreak of World War II. Polands mobilization was greatly hindered on September 1, by waves of German bombers attacking the railroads. This was called the blitzkrieg (lightning war) because it took place so quickly. This was yet another country added to the te rritory controlled by Nazi Germany- making the other world powers more nervous and wary of the growing power of Germany under Adolf Hitler. Also, it was the fall of Poland that caused Britain and FranceShow MoreRelatedEssay about Why the United States Entered World War Two1644 Words à |à 7 PagesAutonomy and Responsibility: Why the United States Entered World War II World War II was an exceptional war for the United States. The United States emerged from the war as a world superpower and protector of all other nations. There were many reasons why the United States entered World War II, however President Franklin Roosevelt was in some way directly connected to every reason. Roosevelt wanted to enter World War II as soon as it started for political and economic needs. However, the AmericanRead MoreThe Best War Ever : America And Wwii Essay729 Words à |à 3 PagesMarch 31, 2015 History Book Review The Best War Ever: America and WWII Michael C.C. Adams, the author of my chosen narrative, graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1993. He is a professor of history at Northern Kentucky University. Dr. Adams holds a Ph.D. in American Studies. His primary area of interest is military history and early in his NKU career. From the information about what he is interested in being state, you can easily understand why he became the author of such an interestingRead MoreBody1018 Words à |à 5 PagesRey Chavez HST 203 Fall 2017 United States in the World Essay Throughout the course of history, war has been a major influencer in many societies. It was no secret that the United States had a very powerful military that could change the course of any war they join. World War II had the potential of changing the world to a fascist dominated bureaucracy. 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These are vey large topics in this subject, they are important things to hit on. The holocaust caused a lot of confusion durnig this time period. Hitler was superb at convincing people to believe everything he said. He promised the people a roast inRead MoreWhy the U.S. got Involved in WWII in Patrick Herdens Book, Roosevelt Confronts Hitler: Americaââ¬â¢s Entry into World War II699 Words à |à 3 PagesPatrick Heardenââ¬â¢s book, Roosevelt Confronts Hitler: Americaââ¬â¢s Entry into World War II, is offering an explanation as to how and why the United States got itself involved in a second world war. Hearden states, that the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and Nazi Germanyââ¬â¢s declaration of war hastened United States intervention. These two reasons, however, are not the underlying foundation of why the United States entered the war, according to Heardenââ¬â¢s research. Through a quick examination of the chapterRead MoreCommunism s Effect On Technology907 Words à |à 4 PagesLeatherwood 10 September 2015 Communismââ¬â¢s Effect on Technology World War II began because of an invasion from Nazi Germany to Poland causing Britain to declare war on Germany. During the fall of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, space exploration was at the top of Americaââ¬â¢s to do list. America was not the only country interested in gaining answers about the solar system and its planets. There were many times during the Cold War where the Soviet Union would have dramatic increases in science
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Analysis Of The Poem Acquainted With The Night By...
The poem ââ¬Å"Acquainted with the Nightâ⬠by Robert Frost is not simply about a walk being taken on a rainy night, as one would assume on their first reading. Instead a closer reading of the poem will reveal to the reader a much darker journey. As the speaker describes his trudge through the city streets, the reader begins to see that this is far more than a walk through a gloomy night; it is a manââ¬â¢s journey through depression. While Frostââ¬â¢s dark poem is written much like a sonnet, having fourteen lines, it is not a sonnet in the traditional sense, as it follows the terza rima rhyming scheme which is ââ¬Å"an interlocking three line rhyme scheme: aba, bcb, cdc, ded, and so onâ⬠(Meyer, 2012, p. 1673). Terza rima is made up of tercets woven into a rhyme scheme that requires the end-word of the second line in one tercet to supply the rhyme for the first and third lines in the next tercet, continuing the pattern until the final stanza or line. Borrowing this r hyme-scheme from Dante Alighieri and by utilizing a few lines-a mere fourteen- Frost is able to paint a convincing picture to the reader of the true feeling of depression by using the literary elements of metaphor, imagery, and theme. Frost uses metaphors in ââ¬Å"Acquainted with the Nightâ⬠to express the darkness and loneliness that are familiar feelings for those that suffer with depression. Though the entire poem can be interpreted as a metaphor for depression, Frost uses individual words and phrases as metaphors as well. In theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Acquainted with the Night and Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening1471 Words à |à 6 PagesResearch Paper first draft 16th Nov 2011 In a Dark Night, I Find My Answers. The two poems ââ¬Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Eveningâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Acquainted with the Nightâ⬠written by Robert Frost are very similar to each other because of the simplistic form of language used and the uses of metaphors. When we first read the poem, it looks like an ordinary poem but once we go in depth and understand the meaning, it becomes so much more. Both of the poem has a very dark, gloomy and lonely setting with a reallyRead MoreAcquainted With The Night By Robert Frost Essay1670 Words à |à 7 PagesAcquainted with Ambiguity: An Analysis of Robertââ¬â¢s Frostââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Acquainted with the Nightâ⬠Born at the end of the 19th century and writing into the 20th century, poet Robert Frost is famous for putting a 20th century spin on 19th century poetic conventions (Robert Frost). His 1928 poem ââ¬Å"Acquainted with the Nightâ⬠is one of the best examples of this spin, combining modern experimental techniques with a set structure and rhyme scheme. In the poem, the speaker recounts his/her ambiguous relationshipRead MoreEnglish 10B Unit 4 Analysis of Poetry1144 Words à |à 5 Pages4: Analysis of Poetry This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals: 21st Century Skillsââ¬âYou will use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills and communicate effectively. Introduction In this activity, you will read and analyze three poems by different poets and examine the similarities and differences among them. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: Read and Analyze Poetry Read these poems, whichRead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words à |à 15 PagesRobert Lee Frost Known for being a New England poet Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th, 1874. Born to a New England father William Prescott Frost Jr. and a Scottish mother Isabelle Moodie who moved to the west coast from Pennsylvania after marriage (Bailey). Both his parents were teachers and poets themselves, but his father later became a journalist with the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (Bailey). Frost spent 12 years of his life growing up in San Francisco, untilRead More Class Struggle in Robert Frosts Poem Out, Out Essay1676 Words à |à 7 PagesClass Struggle in Robert Frosts Poem Out, Out- Robert Frosts poem Out, Out- is developed around a clear and unquestionable moment: a horrifying accident in which a young boy is mutilated by a buzz saw. Frosts underlying message, however, isnt nearly as straightforward. As the poem develops, two clear levels of interpretation seem to surface. While on the basic level the poem would seem to be a simple metaphor for mans struggles with nature, a more careful analysis suggests a level ofRead MoreEssay about Isolation and Nature in the Works of Robert Frost3175 Words à |à 13 PagesIsolation and Nature in the Works of Robert Frost During the height of Robert Frostââ¬â¢s popularity, he was a well-loved poet whoââ¬â¢s natural- and simple-seeming verse drew people - academics, artists, ordinary people both male and female - together into lecture halls and at poetry readings across the country.1 An eloquent, witty, and, above all else, honest public speaker, Frostââ¬â¢s readings imbued his poetry with a charismatic resonance beyond that of the words on paper, and it is of littleRead MorePoetry Essay Prompt2545 Words à |à 11 PagesLiterature Poetry Essay Prompts (1970ââ¬â2011) 1970 Poem: ââ¬Å"Elegy for Janeâ⬠(Theodore Roethke) Prompt: Write an essay in which you describe the speakers attitude toward his former student, Jane. 1971 Poem: ââ¬Å"The Unknown Citizenâ⬠(W.H. Auden) Prompt: In a brief essay, identify at least two of the implications implicit in the society reflected in the poem. Support your statements by specific references to the poem. 1972 NO POEM 1973 (exam not available) 1974 Poem: ââ¬Å"I wonder whether one expects...â⬠(No poetRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 Pages, with David DeCenzo (Wiley, 2010) Prentice Hallââ¬â¢s Self-Assessment Library 3.4 (Prentice Hall, 2010) Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed., with David DeCenzo and Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Supervision Today! 7th ed., with David DeCenzo and Robert Wolter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Training in Interpersonal Skills: TIPS for Managing People at Work, 6th ed., with Phillip Hunsaker (Prentice Hall, 2012) Managing Today! 2nd ed. (Prentice Hall, 2000) Organization Theory, 3rd ed. (Prentice Hall, 1990)
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
The Impact of Computers on a Business Paradigm free essay sample
A study of a new development enabling vending machine owners to keep track of their sales with the help of a computer. A paper which examines a development by Robert Allen of Blue World, Inc., a New York-based data processing company which is developing a system that will automatically track each purchase made, at the same time transmitting an account of the transaction to the vending machine owner. The paper discusses advantages of such a system such as the elimination of waste, automatic shelf stocking and operation streamlining. Another and very significant benefit of timely and accurate figures is the ability to know what your customer wants, and not just what he buys. For purposes of analysis, items can be grouped into different categories. Lunch is not just packages of white chocolate macadamia nut cookies, or bags of potato chips. Its also snack foods vs. sandwiches, and frozen dishes versus fully cooked fare. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Computers on a Business Paradigm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The precise and constantly updated information provided by computerized tracking systems opens up a whole new world of possibilities for vendors. Modern technology makes possible the provision of an astonishing array of products, and with schemes such as Blue Worlds, a vendor need only know his customer base and its buying habits and he has open to him whole new avenues of investment.
Saturday, April 11, 2020
Affirmative action = discrim. essays
Affirmative action = discrim. essays Affirmative Action Endorses Discrimination Most people agree that the discrimination is a bad thing. The word carries a negative connotation. Therefore, the government should not put any laws or quotas in place that discriminate against its citizens. Yet affirmative action does just that. How can the government rationalize a policy to officially discriminate against people by race for special treatment (Graglia 47)? When politicians first conceived the idea of affirmative action, the intention was to promote equality and ensure that race was not a concern when hiring an employee. In JoAnn Bren Guernseys words, Affirmative action is a term used to describe techniques to remedy the effects of existing and past discrimination and to end such discrimination (8). In theory, affirmative action is an outstanding policy, but in reality, it inversely shows prejudice towards deserving and qualified white males. Affirmative action hinders equality in the workplace. Affirmative action officially started gaining popularity in the early 1960s. Discrimination against blacks was still rampant in the South, and the rest of the nation wanted to change that. Guernsey states, The term affirmative action was probably first used and linked to civil rights by President John F. Kennedy shortly after he took office in 1961 (30). Kennedy created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which said the construction industry should hire employees without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin (31). This idea was widely accepted. Kennedy thought, if the government banned discrimination, it could create a level playing field (32). Several decades later, President George H. Bush was pressured to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (43). He was incorrect; not all potential employees are on a level playing field. Sadly, race is slowly taking precedence over qualif...
Tuesday, March 10, 2020
Performance Appraisal
Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is a process in which an employ contribution and worth to an organization is valued using accepted performance appraisal methods. There are a number of performance appraisal methods notably essay, forced distribution, graphic ranking scale, and behavioral anchored rating scale appraisal methods.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance Appraisal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this report is going to give much credence to the management by objective method, 360-degree performance appraisal, and forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal. A detailed explanation of the three methods will be done bringing into perspective features that these three performance appraisal methods share in common and how they contrast to each other (Stone 1). Forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal method This performance appraisal method tries to order employees by comparing them to thei r colleagues. This helps in assessment of employees divorced from the usual specific judgments done on basis of job components. When straight ranking is to be done it is expected of the evaluator in terms of those who have the best attributes to those who have the worst attributes and those who are effective in their daily undertakings to those who are least effective in the way they do their job. It is imperative in this respect that a criterion is used. Alternative ranking slightly differs from straight ranking in the sense that it has to be done in a specific manner. Ranking like any other comparative evaluation system is fast becoming unpopular because it is discriminatory. This is so because even if employees perform well, a group will always find itself at the bottom and another group highly ranked. Ranking can also not be used to fairly compare employees across different groups, it is absolutely difficult to conclusively say that an employee ranked second in unit X is as good as or better than that employee who has been ranked second in unit Y. Nevertheless, if an organization has limited resources with which they can conduct other performance appraisal methods, the best performance appraisal they can make use of is the ranking method because it can successfully help in differentiating among employees (Stone 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In forced distribution, evaluators tend to rate subordinates in a given distribution. Forced distribution can be used in evaluation of myriad components of job performance as opposed to the ranking method that uses only one component. Forced distribution method is strictly used by managers who undertake to rate his or her subordinates in a given distribution. Some subordinates will fall into 10 percent low category, others in 20 percent below average, others 40 percent average, others 20 percent above average, and finally 10 percent high category. If there were 20 subordinates, 2 of them will be in the low category, 4 below average, 8 of them in the average, 4 in the above average category, and finally, 2 in the highest category. Forced distribution helps to eliminate errors that arise due to rating. These errors are normally attributed to leniency and central tendency. However, forced distribution can cause some grave rating inconsistencies because it tends to discriminate employees in cases where job performance is quite similar. This has caused a problem of acceptability of the results by the raters and ratees hence its unpopularity with this category of people. Problems of acceptability have been grave in circumstances where group members all have high ability (Stone 1). Management by objectives (MBO) performance appraisal method This performance appraisal method has much to do with the evaluator setting up specific measurable goals with employees. The evaluator has to periodically discuss with the employee if he or she is meeting these goals that he or she set to achieve. This performance appraisal program has six main steps that have to be adhered to. Featuring prominently among these steps is the need for setting up the organizations goals. The organization should come up with a clear cut plan for what they intend to do in the next year and stipulate goals that have to met. Secondly, various organizational departments must come up with their departmental goals. This is the duty of the heads of the departments and their superiors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance Appraisal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thirdly, the conceived department goals have to be discussed and allocated. It is at this stage that the subordinates in the department have to be brought on board. It is important that these subordinates come up with their own individual goals to make sure that ev ery member of the department has an input into attainment of departmental goals. As a matter of fact, expected results have to be defined by setting individual goals. Heads of departments and their subordinates have to come up with performance targets that are short term. A review of the performance has to be done and results subsequently measured. It is the role of departmental heads to measure up actual performance of every member of staff with the projected results in their minds. Finally, there has to be a feedback mechanism where heads of departments conduct performance review periodically with their subordinates with a view to discussing and evaluating progress made towards achieving the set out goals and objectives (Stone, 11). This method of performance appraisal enhances better communication and coordination in an organization because of frequency within which reviews are conducted hence harmonious relationships. 360-Degree performance Appraisal In this method, the performa nce of an employee is evaluated by consulting different types of people (Farhaan, para. 1). These may be an organizationââ¬â¢s customers, its suppliers, and an employeeââ¬â¢s peers. Direct reports can also be used. If the performance of a manager is to be appraised using this method, it is the work of the employees to give an upward feedback on how this manager manages them. This performance appraisal method requires the human resource managers to coordinate the whole process to dispel fears associated with the leakages of ones performance among his or her peers. This can be very disappointing within an organization. This method of performance appraisal is mainly conducted to find the gap between ones own appraisal and how others may feel about it. This is critical in analyzing ones strengths and weaknesses and how this can help in improving his or her own performance. The system helps in elimination of biases among employees that is inherent with the forced distribution metho d.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is imperative to note that the system has got its own shortcomings in the sense that if many employees are unhappy it is likely that they can become potential targets. It is therefore important that a right culture is inculcated into an organization before this method of performance appraisal is made use of. This performance appraisal consumes a lot of time and its complexity may eat into an organization time and resources. Its results are always very difficult to interpret. The feedback that is continually received after the evaluation can intimidate the employees and in the process interfere with their output. Conclusion Despite the fact that Forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal method tends to discriminate against employees, 360 degree performance appraisal and MBO also have their weaknesses. The feedback that is continually received in 360 degree performance appraisal interferes with an employeeââ¬â¢s morale and can interfere with their performance. MBO enhanc es cohesiveness in an organization because of the frequent reviews. Farhaan, Panagar. 360 Degree Performance Appraisal. 2009. Web. Stone, Thomas. Understanding Personnel Management. New York: Dryden Press, 2002. Print.
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